The Facts Of Aids Essays - HIVAIDS, Health, Medicine, HIV, Virus

The Facts Of Aids AIDS is the plague of the 20th century, but how much do we really know about this deadly disease? HIV is a virus that gets into the body and flows through the bloodstream. AIDS is the disease that is caused by HIV. Once you are diagnosed as HIV positive, you do not automatically have AIDS. There is a possibility of being HIV positive, and not having AIDS. Most people do not know it is the infections that break down the body's immune system rather than the AIDS that kills paients. HIV can be prevented in many ways, but they are not always followed. People die when they don't play it safe. That's why we have to spread the word on prevention. There a three main ways the HIV can be spread: 1. sexual intercourse 2. intravenous drugs 3. blood transfusions (which are very rare now because all blood is tested) HIV is spreading like wild fire among adolescents because they don't believe it can happen to them. Sixty-one percent of 14-21 year olds are engaged in sexual intercourse. The problem we have to deal with is the spreading of this disease among our generation. A small percentage of people who use condoms still get HIV because: 1. misuse of condom 2. use of drugs or alcohol which can impair judgment or proper use 3. the condom could be defected The AIDS virus can be spread in many ways. AIDS can be transmitted by direct contact of bodily fluids from an infected male or female. The AIDS infected blood contaminates uninfected blood. The three most common ways of transmission are: sexual intercourse, blood transfusions of infected blood, and the sharing of intravenous needles which may have contaminated blood still in them. The virus cannot be contracted in many of the ways people think it can. There is a very low concentration of the virus in tears and saliva, so these cases of transmission are very rare. There are no known cases of transmission through mosquitoes or any other animals. Another common way of AIDS transmission is mother to child transmission. The virus can be transmitted to the child from the mother before or during the delivery of the baby. The other mother to child transmission case is through the breast milk that he/she is fed in the early stages of the child's life. In the first stages of HIV, the symptoms don't show up. People can live with AIDS for years without knowing it. Blood tests at the doctor will show antibodies after they form to fight the AIDS virus, but it takes the antibodies three months to show up. That means that if you take a blood test right after you have sex, the virus won't show up for another three months. In the second stage, the virus grows within the white blood cells and destroys them. When most of the cells are destroyed, the immune system is destroyed and the body weakens. Some symptoms they might form are: they begin feeling tired, loose weight. They may develop a cough, diarrhea, fever, or sweating at night. With HIV a cold is more threatening to them than to a person without the disease. In stage three, the AIDS virus has nearly destroyed the body's immune system. The body has great difficulty fighting off germs. Also, patients can develop a rare type of cancer called Kaposi's sarcoma. AIDS doesn't kill anyone, but other infections and cancer do. Scientists are trying to develop a cure for the AIDS virus. There are three parts to finding the cure. The three parts are: 1. To devise a drug that will kill the HIV once it enters the body. 2. To create a vaccine that would prevent the disease. 3. To educate people world wide about the dangers of AIDS and how to prevent the HIV infection. In 1986, the first step was taken in AIDS prevention. AZT is a pill that has prolonged the lives of HIV infected patients. Ninety percent of patients who have taken the AZT pill are still alive after one year of being diagnosed. This is an increase of 50% without the pill. There are some side effects of AZT.

Teen Social Issues Essays - Alcohol Abuse, Drinking Culture, Suicide

Teen Social Issues Essays - Alcohol Abuse, Drinking Culture, Suicide Teen Social Issues There are many social problems that teenagers go threw. I think the two most recognized problems are Teenage Drinking and Driving, and Teen Suicide. These two social behaviors teenagers go threw are two of the leading causes of teenage death in the state of New Mexico. Alcohol, the most widely used and abused drug among youth, causes serious and potentially life-threatening problems for this population. New Mexico holds one of the nation's highest DWI (Driving While Intoxicated) rates (Ulibarri, 1999). Motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of death for teenagers in New Mexico. Society must now face several questions, why do teens drink, what are the results of teen drinking and driving, and how can society change this pattern. Every year hundreds of teens die in the state New Mexico. Teen suicide is the fastest growing killer of youth in America and if left unaddressed it will affect are future generations. Why do teenagers drink alcohol? Peers play the major role in shaping attitudes about alcohol use. Prior to this time, television and movies played the most influential role. The attitudes of parents toward alcohol correlated strongly with the attitudes of their children. There are several reasons why teenagers give to drinking alcohol which include recreation, rebellion, relieve depression, fatigue, and boredom. Also because they have personal problems at home that make them turn to alcohol. Other reasons are a loved one passing away, fighting with parents, divorce, and separation of family. The main factor of teenage drinking is influence from their peers. Teenagers in our society are pressured into trying out alcohol for the first time to see how it tastes like. If they give in to their peers they become part of the group, but if they do not they are not accepted into the group. As a result of teens being under the influence of alcohol, they are not aware that once they get behind the wheel they are risking their lives and the lives of other innocent people on the road. Teenagers think it's cool to drink and drive. They feel nothing will happen to them. A survey concluded, Males having higher rates of daily drinking and binge drinking than females, but these difference are diminishing. While white students report the highest levels of drinking, Blacks report the lowest, and Hispanics fall between the two (Alcohol Alert, 1999). The causes that lead them to automobile accidents are driver inexperience, driving late at night, having consumed alcohol, speeding, youthful risk, and driving during emotional stress. Many programs are being offered to educate teenagers and people on how to prevent alcohol-related accidents. The gentleman that came to talk to us on DWI related accidents had very interesting facts on Rio Arriba County. I found it vary informative. In R io Arriba County there is a DWI course being offered to anyone interested in developing strategies to prevent DWI from occurring by informing teens the DWI penalties, and laws in New Mexico, what happens in a DWI arrest and trial, and what the blood alcohol concentration level is. Education can help teens become aware of the consequences of drinking and driving. Yet effective ways of dealing with teen drinking and driving are formal treatment. Teens can be taken to visit a Rehabilitation center, which is a process of putting the treatment plan into action. It consist of (1) education, (2) Group therapy, (3) life story, (4) individual therapy, (5) peer assessment, (6) recreational therapy, (7) coping skills and relaxation therapy, (8) support group attendance, and (9) spiritually. Rio Arriba County is one of six communities across the nation to participate in the Rapid Responses Team Pilot Project, which is designed to study whether a team of experts can work with community members to develop effective ways of reducing underage drinking. The teams are comprised of one expert from each of the following profession: law enforcement, education, prevention, public policy, and strategic planning. Every year thousands of teens die in the United States, not from cancer or car accidents, but by their own hand; they make the choice that they want to die, and they take their life. Suicide is the fastest growing killer of youth in America (www.yellowribbon.org), and if left

Group Policy Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Group Policy - Coursework Example Security: due to the various security breaches evident, it is important to use the group policy to curb that. For instance, an organization can experience security breach due to the employees using very weak passwords. With the group policy, it is easy for an organization to set certain requirements for the users to follow when setting passwords. Cost and time: it enables installation or upgrading of software from one location and ensures that every machine is serviced simultaneously (Moskowitz, Hicks, & Burchill, 2013). Moreover, it is also possible to conduct the upgrade outside the business hours to avoid disruption of the work schedule. There are various potential pitfalls. One, because the SQL server is configured for windows authentication only, it becomes difficult to manage data in all the other relational databases. Moreover, the database can only be accessed from within the local area network. Beyond that, it becomes inaccessible. Lack of firewalls between the servers and the applications of the client becomes difficult to get into the client’s database and gather the additional information required. The types of data elements that will be difficult to capture are the compound data elements. These are data elements consisting of three field’s control, component count field together with the total length of the required data elements. The reason is due to lack of firewall between the server and the applications of the clients. It is able to establish a boundary between a trusted and un-trusted network (Moraes, 2011). Thus, the user is not restricted by any set of rules applicable and can therefor e conceal the compound data elements in such a way that it becomes difficult for them to be found. The main considerations include enhancing security. Among the 120 end users, there can be some using some practices that can lead to breach of security for the organization. This can be quite costly since the

Emotion and moods in organization behaviour Essay

Emotion and moods in organization behaviour - Essay Example Emotions have been proven to be a significant contributor to our daily mental life influencing the eminence of our being. Researcher and psychologists have pointed out that, emotions make life worth living to people by being making them be receptive to certain environmental stimulus (Giovann, Petrella, Blasi, Zontini, & Nolfe, 66). Emotions help as do determine what people whom we interact with feel towards us. People know how their partners feel about them by looking at their facial expression. Tonal voice is also a key determinant which helps to evaluate a human’s true feelings (Charmine, Neal, Ashkanasy & Zerbe, 46). There are two main categories of emotions. They include the complex and simple emotions. These two categories are further subdivided into positive and negative emotions. Common emotions which are normally depicted by human beings include anger love, hatred, depression, and joy and happiness etcetera. Mood Mood is an expression of emotion which is perceived to b e long lasting state. Moods can take a longer duration of time to last taking even up to a couple of days. As compared to simple emotions, moods are less intensive. Literary, when someone is in a negative emotional condition, the person is said to be in a bad mood. On the other hand, positive emotions induce good moods (Ashkanasy, Neal & Cary, 24). Sources of emotions and moods A variety of studies have been conducted to identify sources of particular emotions evoked to an individual. Positive incidents are bound to have an effect on positive mood and emotions which are positive as well. Conversely, negative occurrences influence the negative moods for those who have emotional imbalance. To make an illustration, let us consider two employees who work in a particular organization Ashkanasy, Neal & Cary, 26). Employee A has a high level of emotional stability while his counterpart B scores low. One day, both the employees are notice that there is a bonus to be granted for each of thei r sale. Soon after, their boss passes by and scolds them for no obvious reason. In this circumstance, it would be expected for the one who is mentally stable to remain solid because he focuses only on then news with helps him achieve maximum happiness Ashkanasy, Neal & Cary, 24). The news with negatively affect employee B due to his emotional disadvantage of emotional instability hence he will get demoralized that faithful day. It has been noted that some people’s emotions depends on the time of the day and day of the week. Weekdays are known to the working days where most people are busy running various errands. Nevertheless weekends are special days of the week where individual getting to relax and take a rest from their busy weekday schedule. This means that you will find a majority of people in their best mood during weekends Ashkanasy, Neal & Cary, 27). Monday is a week day that you will find a bigger section of the populace in their worst mood due to Monday blues. Early in the morning, it is expected to find many individuals lowly spirited. Our moods revive in the course of the day and a projected decrease during the evening hours. What time people go to sleep at night or what time they wake up necessary impact the level of positive implication Positive influence peaks up in the midst of when one wakes up and when one goes to bed? At work place, how well we interact is depicted in midmorning and later in the week. A couple of people

English usage and style in Academic Writing Essay

English usage and style in Academic Writing - Essay Example People are wrong when they compare the supremacy of English and Latin in ancient societies. The skeptics of the language are forgetting that Latin was preferable when there were limited resources for documenting languages. Additionally, Latin underwent consolidation around Europe. In contrast, English is a cross-cultural language that does not belong to a particular group of people. According to Mastin (2007, p, 1), different version of English exists but people still use the fundamentals of language. English will not become destroyed because the language is not limited to the workplace. The language also dominates communication on social networking sites. Spanish as a language in Singapore has not hindered the dominance of English as an approach to communication. English is the primary language that facilitated communication in Australia, US and Britain. Besides, countries like Nigeria have adopted the language for official duties. In the past, natives Britons communicate appropriately in English; however, this trend changed with civilization (David, 2003, p, 2). Presently, non-natives have developed a good command of the language despite English being their second language. For example, nations that considered English an alien language are cherishing the language during conversations. The emergence of English is an indication that dialect is not an influencing factor when using the language. The need for a global language sets the foundation for adopting English in different places around the globe. Scholars are encouraging people to use English as the global language with the intention of limiting misunderstandings that are attributable to communication. Indeed, English is the lingua franca for trade and other global activities (Peterson, 2006, p, 3). International bodies such as the â€Å"United Nations† contribute to the progress of the language as the Lingua Franca. Moreover, the academic field is

Richard Ramirez And The Night Stalker

Richard Ramirez And The Night Stalker In June of 1984, Richard Ramirez began his criminal career as The Night Stalker. His reign of terror, though ending just the following year, tormented the people of Los Angeles. Ramirez is a self-proclaimed Satanist and thief, but stealing cars and breaking into homes were not even close to the worst of his crimes. Ramirezs friendship with his cousin, Mike, may have been the most important relationship in his life, in that not only did he teach Richard that having fun consists of riding around, smoking marijuana, and listening to heavy-metal music, but also that drugs, violence, and sex all go together. Richard Ramirez was born in El Paso, Texas on February 29, 1960 (Richard Ramirez; The Night Stalker, n.d.). His father, Julian Ramirez, was a Mexican immigrant who worked for Santa Fe Railroad. His mother, Mercedes Ramirez, worked at a Tony Lama boot factory mixing chemicals for the boot leather (Richard Ramirez; The Night Stalker, n.d.). Fortunecity.com states, Life was not easy in the Ramirez family, but they all worked hard to make ends meet. Julian and Mercedes loved their children and provided for them to the best of their ability. The boys, who rebellious natured and hot-tempered like their father, could have benefited from more supervision, but Julian had to travel to lay track for the railroad and was away from home frequently, (Richard Ramirez; The Night Stalker, n.d., p. 2). Richard and his four brothers and sisters all experienced medical problems when they were young. Some of the difficulties are believed to be a result of the nuclear bomb tests the U.S. Government was co nducting in New Mexico in the 1950s. The fallout from these bombs was carried by wind over into El Paso, Texas (Grise, 2000, p. 1 2). Also, the fumes Mercedes inhaled while working at the boot factory may have contributed to Richards health problems. He was diagnosed with epilepsy in the fifth grade. Sometimes he would have grand mal seizures and other times he would just stare off into space as he experienced petite mal seizures, (Richard Ramirez; The Night Stalker, n.d.). Although Richard had four older siblings, he spent most of his time with his cousin, Michael. Mike was a Vietnam veteran and returned from war with not only tales of rape and murder, but also detailed polaroids as proof (Richard Ramirez; The Night Stalker, n.d.). Richard admits that he was especially sexually aroused by the photographs of the rape/murder victim that Michael showed him, (Grise, 2000, p.2). This highly successful killer and sadist took Richard under his wing and taught him how to kill and fight, (Richard Ramirez; The Night Stalker, n.d. p.2). Richard and Mike spent a great deal of time together, riding around, smoking pot, and talking about the war. In an interview Phillip Carlo conducted with Ramirez after he had been incarcerated almost nine years, Ramirez talked about the time he spent with his cousin. He said Mike had a shoebox filled with polaroids in his closet of women and girls he had raped and killed in the jungle. He told Carlo that Mike had torn off their cl othes and tied them to a tree. He raped them in front of each other and then killed them. He had pictures of them with their heads cut off. When Carlo asked if Mike had told him all of this, Richard replied, Yeah, told me all about it exactly what he did. We used to go for joy rides all around El Paso, smoke pot, listen to the radio, and he would tell me what he did with the women, (Carlo, n.d., p. 9). Ramirez goes on to say that these show-and-tell sessions heavily influenced him and that he thought about it a lot. When asked if it influenced him sexually, he responded, Fuck yeah, of course, sexually. It was all about sex, (Carlo, n.d., p. 9). In this same interview, he also says Mike taught him about how to use a knife and how to cut peoples throats. He taught him how to wear all black and avoid reflecting light when breaking into peoples houses. Eventually, Mikes wife got tired of her husband only wanting to spend time with Richard and glorify his sexual conquests and murders in Vietnam. This caused fights. One day, in the midst of one of these fights, Mike shot his wife, Jessie, in the face and killed her. Mikes two boys, ages three and six, and Richard were only a few feet away and witnessed it all. Richard admitted this had a strange effect on him. He told Carlo, I mean, to see something like that the line between life and death right there in front of me. Intense. When she went down I saw it all in slow motion, (Carlo, n.d., p. 8). When Richard turned 18, he went to Los Angeles to stay with his brother, Ruben. Ruben was addicted to heroin and also a burglar. Fortunecity.com reports, There was only one objective now stealing money to get high, (Richard Ramirez; The Night Stalker, n.d., p. 2). Richard became addicted to cocaine and started stealing cars also. He would drive around in the stolen cars looking for homes to rob. When Phillip Carlo asked Ramirez about his thoughts concerning cocaine, Richard said, I think cocaine is addictive and harmful to the bodyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Sure, its harmful, but the sense of pleasure it gives is very profound! There is nothing to me anyway, that comes near it, (Carlo, n.d., p. 5). Along with this cocaine addiction and his pride in becoming such a successful burglar, now came the Satanism. Being raised a Christian; Ramirez knew his thoughts and actions did not please God. He believed Satan would be proud of his sadistic sexual desires. When his older sister came to visit him in Los Angeles, she asked why he had chosen to worship Satan. Ramirez responded, Because Satan represents what I feel. Im not like other people. Im differentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Ive got a trade. Im a thief, Ruthie, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦and a good oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Im not going to any jailà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Im protected, (Richard Ramirez, The Night Stalker, n.d., p. 4). On June 28, 1984, his burglaries turned into something far more evil, (Montaldo, n.d., p. 1). After breaking in the home of 79 year old Jennie Vincow and finding nothing valuable to steal, Ramirez became enraged. He needed money to buy more cocaine and a prostitute. He took his anger out on the sleeping woman by stabbing her repeatedly and cutting her throat. After this murder, Ramirez did not strike again for eight months. In February of 1985 he abducted two girls in separate incidents, (Richard Ramirez Night Stalker, n.d., p. 1). He raped both of these girls then dumped them out. On March 17, 1985, Ramirez jumped 22-year-old Angela Barrio outside her condo. He shot her, kicked her out of the way, and headed into her condo. Inside, was roommate, Dayle Okazaki, age 34, who Ramirez immediately shot and killed. Barrio remained alive out of pure luck. The bullet had ricocheted off the keys she held in her hands, as she lifted them to protect herself, (Montaldo, n.d., p. 1). According t o allserialkillers.com: Not long after, he pulled Tsai-Lian Yu from her car and shot her several times. She was still alive when the police got to her but died later. A few days later, he abducted and raped an eight year old girl. Then on March 27, 1985, Ramirez murdered Vincent and Maxine Zazzara. He not only shot both of them, but also stabbed Maxine and carved out her eyes. On April 14, Ramirez broke into the Doi house, shooting and killing William Doi and beating his wife Lillie. Richards crime spree continued. In May, he beat 84-year-old Mabel Bell and 81-year-old Florence Lang and scratched satanic symbols over them. They were not found until two days later, and Bell later died. He cut Patty Higgins throat in June and, only two miles away, did the same thing to Mary Cannon in July. About a week later, Ramirez beat a 61-year-old to death in her home. On July 20, Ramirez killed Chainaroung Khovanath. Next, he beat and raped his wife. Not content with that he took their eight-yea r-old son into the next room with a bottle of baby oil. Mrs. Khovanath was forced to listen as Ramirez raped him, then he stole about $30,000 in cash and jewelry, (Richard Ramirez Night Stalker, n.d., p. 1). Max and Leta Kneiding were shot and killed in their home. In August, he attacked Christopher and Virginia Peterson, but did not kill them. A few days later, he killed Elyas Abowath and savagely beat his wife, Sakina. On August 17, Richard committed his only murder outside of Los Angeles. He shot and killed Peter Pan in San Francisco; and although beaten and shot, Peters wife, Barbara, survived her attack. Her description of the attacker matched the description of other survivors. The murderer was named The Night Stalker by the media. A week later, Ramirez shot William Carns in the head three times and raped his fiancà ©e, Inez Erickson. In the end, Ramirezs fingerprint was taken off an abandoned stolen car identified by Inez Erickson, and his picture was on the front page of t he paper. He was spotted by a customer in a local liquor store, and chased and beaten by local thugs (Richard Ramirez Night Stalker, n.d., p. 1) Richard was arrested for 13 murders, five attempted murders, six rapes, three lewd acts on children, two kidnappings, three acts of forced oral copulation, four counts of sodomy, five robberies, and 14 burglaries. At his trial, Richard inscribed a pentagon on his left palm and showed it to photographers. He also made devils horns with his fingers (Schechter and Everitt, 1996, p. 249). He was convicted on 46 of these counts at 2:20 p.m. on September 20th, 1989, in a Los Angeles county courtroom in California. He was subsequently given a death sentence on October 3rd of that same year, (Grise, n.d., p. 1). He is now on death row at San Quentin State Penitentiary, where he has even gotten married! According to Schmalleger (2009), Social learning theory says that all behaviour is learned in much the same way and that crime, like other forms of behaviour is also learned, (p. 300). Richard learned a lot from his cousin, Mike. According to this theory, Richard learned from an early age that sex, drugs, and violence go together and create intense pleasure. Differential identification theory is an extension of social learning theory and is defined as, An explanation for crime and deviance that holds that people pursue criminal behaviour to the extent that they identify themselves with real or imaginary people from whose perspective their criminal or deviant behaviour seems acceptable, (Schmalleger, 2009, p.302). Daniel Glaser said that through this process, people develop a personal identification with criminals. Richard Ramirez definitely developed a relationship with his cousin, Mike. He taught Richard how to perfect his burglaries, and Richards killings emulated the photographs s hown to him by Mike of his rapes and murders in Vietnam. He learned a great deal from Mike and then later turned to Satanism as a result of his evil thoughts and desires. Richards crimes began as instrumental crimes in that they were goal-oriented. He broke into homes to steal because he needed money to buy hotel rooms, drugs, and prostitutes. He then began raping and murdering with no other motive than he simply enjoyed these acts. What caused Richard Ramirez, a.k.a. The Night Stalker, to torture, rape, and murder men, women, girls, and boys in 1984 and 1985? I think it is a combination of learned aggression from his father, drug addiction, the positive associations his cousin taught him between violence and sex, and his personal thoughts about Satan. Whether or not his actions were influenced by any biological forces, we will never know. But, the impact his cousin had on his criminal career cannot b denied. Would Ramirez still have committed all those crimes had Mike not invested so much time in boasting of his sexual conquests and killings to Richard? We will also never know. What we do know is The Night Stalkers crimes cannot be forgotten, and if his appeals are denied, Richard Ramirez will be put to death. Then he just might get his wish: To obtain the most honorable place at Satans table.

Clifton Suspension Bridge Essay -- History Historical Bridge Architect

Clifton Suspension Bridge The Clifton Suspension Bridge is located in Bristol England, and spans the beautiful Avon gorge. This bridge has become the symbol of Bristol much like the Eiffel tower has of Paris, and the Opera house has of Sydney. The story of the Clifton Suspension Bridge began in 1754 with the dream of a Bristol wine merchant who donated his life savings to build a bridge over the gorge. To decide on a suitable design for the bridge a competition was held. Thomas Telford, the leading civil architect of the time was the judge. Mr. Telford attempted to submit his own design; however the decision to declare himself the winner was overruled and a second competition was held. This time, contrary to the recommendation of Thomas Telford, 24 year old Isambard Kindom Brunel was declared the winner and appointed project engineer. Brunel’s design consisted of a suspension bridge that spanned the breath of the gorge. Telford disagreed with the concept of erecting a suspension bridge of this size in such an exposed position. His doubt was likely a result of the near destruction of his last project the Menai suspension bridge. Nonetheless Brunel was given his first commission, and construction on the bridge began. The foundation stone was laid in 1831, however the project was plagued with political problems and by 1843 the project was abandon with only the towers complete. Before the political and funding problems could be resolved Brunel died an unexpected death at just 53 years old and the project had to be finished with out him. The design of the bridge was altered after his death. The original scheme was far more ornate with stone lions and Egyptian inspired decoration, these were left off the engineers who finished t... ...le plagued this project and by the time it was complete it was no longer the largest spanning bridge, though it is still a spectacular bridge sitting 76 meter above a deep gorge. Certainly a site worth seeing, apparently it is breathtaking to drive down the road to Bristol, turn a sharp corner and the white structure spanning the gorge. Today it costs 30p to cross the bridge in a car, pedestrians are not charged, and the speed limit has recently been raised to 25 miles per hour. Work Cited 1.) http://www.clifton-suspension-bridge.org.uk/index.php, October 27, 2004 2.) http://www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/Clifton_Suspension_Bridge.html, October 27, 2004 3.) http://www.farvis.com/bridge,htm.htm, October 27, 2004 4.) http://www.about-bristol.co.uk/lnd-00.asp, October 27, 2004 5.) http://www.brantacan.co.uk/suspension.htm, October 27, 2004

Advance Directives

What are advance directives? Advance directives are extremely important. It is essential that everyone make some sort of arrangement before an unfortunate situation happens to them where these decisions will need to be made. An advance directive is basically a living will or a written statement in which people state the type and amount of care they wish to receive during a terminal illness and as death approaches.Medical Law and Ethics stated that â€Å"Advance directives limit the type and amount of medical care and treatment that patients will receive if they should become incompetent and have a poor prognosis. It is important that directives are placed in writing; it is not sufficient for a person to just tell someone what his or her wishes for treatment are. The courts typically enforce written advance directives. † (pg 313) There are four types of advance directives.They are a living will, durable power of attorney for healthcare, uniform anatomical gift act, and a do not resuscitate order. The living will is a â€Å"document that a person drafts before becoming incompetent or unable to make healthcare decisions. † The durable power of attorney for healthcare is â€Å"A legal document that empowers another person (proxy) to make healthcare decisions for healthcare for an incompetent patient.It goes into effect after the person becomes incompetent and only pertains to healthcare decisions. † The uniform anatomical gift act is a â€Å"law that allows persons 18 years or older and of sound mind to make a gift of any part of their body for purposes of medical research or transplantation. † The do not resuscitate order is â€Å"an order placed into a person’s medical chart or medical record. It indicates that the person does not wish to be resuscitated if breathing stops. † (pg 103)

Free Essays on Bipolar Disorder

Abstract Bipolar Disorder is a mental illness in which a person’s mood alternates between extreme mania and depression. Bipolar disorder is also called manic-depressive illness. In a related disorder called cyclothymic disorder (sometimes called Bipolar III), a person’s mood alternates between mild depression and mild mania. Some people with cyclothymic disorder later develop full-blown bipolar disorder. Rates of bipolar disorder are similar throughout the world. At least fifteen percent of people with bipolar disorder commit suicide. Bipolar disorder is much less common than depression. Many people with bipolar disorder function normally between episodes. Medications known as â€Å"mood stabilizers† are usually prescribed by psychiatrists to help control bipolar disorder. In general, people with bipolar disorder continue treatment with mood stabilizers for extended periods of time. One of the most important thing family and friends can do for a person with bip olar disorder is learn about the illness. Never ignore remarks about suicide. It is important to note that most people with bipolar disorder- even those with the most severe forms can achieve substantial stabilization of their mood swings and related symptoms with proper treatment. Bipolar Disorder is a mental illness in which a person’s mood alternates between extreme mania and depression. Bipolar disorder is also called manic-depressive illness. When manic, individuals with bipolar disorder feel intensely elated, self-important, energetic, and irritable. When depressed, these individuals experience painful sadness, negative thinking, and indifference to things that used to bring them happiness Bipolar disorder is much less common than depression. In North America and Europe, about one percent of people experience bipolar disorder during their lives (J). Rates of bipolar disorder are similar throughout the world. In comparison, at least ei... Free Essays on Bipolar Disorder Free Essays on Bipolar Disorder Bipolar disorder is perhaps one of the most tragic mood disorders, because it virtually taunts with the affected person’s mind. Bipolar disorder, which is also known as manic-depressive disorder, is a mental condition in which the person alternates between feelings of mania and depression. The occurrence of bipolar disorder has been a mystery since the sixteenth century. History has show that this affliction can appear in almost anyone. Even the great painter Vincent Van Gogh is believed to have suffered from the disease. It is clear that in our society many people live with this disorder, however, we are still waiting for a definite explanation for the causes and a cure. One thing is certain about bipolar disorder; it severely undermines its victim’s ability to maintain social and occupational success in life. Because bipolar disorder has such debilitating symptoms, it is crucial that we remain watchful in the search for answers about its causes and treatments available. Bipolar disorder affects approximately one percent of the population (approximately three million people) in the United States. It occurs in both males and females. Bipolar disorder involves episodes of mania and depression. These episodes may alternate with profound depressions characterized by a pervasive sadness, almost inability to move, hopelessness, and disturbances in appetite, sleep, and concentrations and driving. Bipolar disorder is diagnosed if an episode of mania occurs whether depression has been diagnosed or not (Goodwin, Guze, 1989, p 11). Most commonly, individuals with manic episodes experience a period of depression. Bipolar disorder is characterized by a great deal of symptoms that can be broken down into two categories: manic and depressive episodes. The manic episodes are characterized by elevated or irritable mood, increased energy, a decrease in a need for sleep, poor judgment and insight, and often reckless and irresp... Free Essays on Bipolar Disorder I. After talking to my mother several times on the phone and in person, I have often wondered if she is bipolar. She would often have alternate moods of elevation and depression. I found myself asking the questions. What is unipolar illness? It is when the mood is depressed. This is more common than the bipolar illness. Bipolar disorders are marked by periods of manic, greatly elated moods or excited states as well as by periods of depression. Although the manic depressive psychosis may alternate from on of its phases to the other, on e other the other phase is usually dominant for a while. Depression is more often dominant than mania. Manic-depressive patients often recover spontaneously for periods of time, but relapses are fairly common. Most often this disease is genetic. II. Using the Medical and Health Encyclopedia, I found several definitions relating to this topic. I found that there are two types of bipolar diseases. Bipolar 1 and 2. Bipolar 1 is when a person experiences at least one and usually many more, manic episodes, alternating with episodes of major depression. Bipolar 2 is when the individual experiences periods of hypomania alternating with episodes of major depression. Then I found the word cyclothymia, similar to the bipolar disorder since it is characterized by mood swings from mania to depression. I did, however find differences. A person with cyclothymia can experience symptoms of hypomania but never a full-blown hippomanic episode. I a person with this disease is also never symptom free. Last, I found the word affective spectrum. This is when some people who have bipolar disorder (manic depression) or unipolar disorder (depression-only) has co-existing conditions such as migraines, attention deficit disorder, etc. These definitions have helped me to gain a clearer understanding of the different types of this disease. I didn’t realize there were categories. I just... Free Essays on Bipolar Disorder Bipolar disorder is a real medical condition that affects two million people in the U.S. This disorder was also known as manic-depressive illness. It causes mood swings from feelings of extreme euphoria or irritability to hopelessness. In each of these episodes changes a person’s energy level, thought process, and behavior changes. This can last for hours, weeks, days or several months. This disorder causes problems with work, school, relationships, and can often lead to suicide. In this disorder there are two poles: mania and depression. â€Å"Within the manic episode moods soar and minds race. There can be days with no sleep, and a vast overestimation of abilities. In the depressive episode there is feelings of fatigue, concentration is difficult, and there could be a loss of interest in activities. There are often cases of mixed episodes, in which the mania accompanies depression†(Comer, 2004). For each person the lengths of episodes are different, and patterns are not consistent. Episodes can last as long as hours or days, sometimes weeks or months. In most cases people will have a somewhat normal period called â€Å"eurthymia†. If a person has four or more manic or depressive episodes within twelve months, the disorder becomes more difficult to treat; this is called â€Å"rapid cycling†. Each of these two phases has separate symptoms. Along with the euphoric or irritability a person may have an increased sense of self-impo rtance, racing thoughts, agitation or restlessness, and unwise involvement in pleasurable but potentially risky activities. These symptoms describe the manic stage. In its counterpart, depression, people often find themselves having feelings of guilt or worthlessness, along with sleep problems, changes in appetite, sleep problems, loss of energy and fatigue, and thoughts of death or suicide. These are a few symptoms of the cycling between manic and depressive episodes. Doctors identify differe... Free Essays on Bipolar Disorder Abstract Bipolar Disorder is a mental illness in which a person’s mood alternates between extreme mania and depression. Bipolar disorder is also called manic-depressive illness. In a related disorder called cyclothymic disorder (sometimes called Bipolar III), a person’s mood alternates between mild depression and mild mania. Some people with cyclothymic disorder later develop full-blown bipolar disorder. Rates of bipolar disorder are similar throughout the world. At least fifteen percent of people with bipolar disorder commit suicide. Bipolar disorder is much less common than depression. Many people with bipolar disorder function normally between episodes. Medications known as â€Å"mood stabilizers† are usually prescribed by psychiatrists to help control bipolar disorder. In general, people with bipolar disorder continue treatment with mood stabilizers for extended periods of time. One of the most important thing family and friends can do for a person with bip olar disorder is learn about the illness. Never ignore remarks about suicide. It is important to note that most people with bipolar disorder- even those with the most severe forms can achieve substantial stabilization of their mood swings and related symptoms with proper treatment. Bipolar Disorder is a mental illness in which a person’s mood alternates between extreme mania and depression. Bipolar disorder is also called manic-depressive illness. When manic, individuals with bipolar disorder feel intensely elated, self-important, energetic, and irritable. When depressed, these individuals experience painful sadness, negative thinking, and indifference to things that used to bring them happiness Bipolar disorder is much less common than depression. In North America and Europe, about one percent of people experience bipolar disorder during their lives (J). Rates of bipolar disorder are similar throughout the world. In comparison, at least ei... Free Essays on Bipolar Disorder Bipolar depression, also known as bipolar disorder, manic depression and manic-depressive illness, is a form of a depressive illness in which mania and depression alternate. It is a disorder that affects over 2 million (1.2 percent) Americans and usually begins during adolescence (American Medical Association [AMA], 1998). It is often not recognized as a serious disorder, but in many cases it causes difficulty in occupational, educational, social life, and other important functioning. A person who has bipolar disorder swings between two extreme emotional poles- depression and mania. During the depression phase, the person will have the same symptoms as people with severe depression (AMA, 1998). Although the shifts of mood have nothing to do with daily activities, the symptoms may prevent the person from functioning normally. However, the All About Bipolar Disorder webpage (1995-2000), says that "increased stress and inadequate coping mechanisms to deal with that stress may also contribute to the disorder's manifestation." The cycles of mood shifts vary greatly in frequency and length. Some people may have several bouts of mania or depression in a row, some have them simultaneously and some have mania without depression (AMA, 1998). In some cases people never experience euphoria during mania, but go directly to a dysphoric state where their energy is boosted so they feel pressured in an uncomfortable state of mind. In other cases bipolar can have a triphasic charac teristic, where there is a brief period of depression, then a sudden swing into mania, then depression will set in again for a few weeks (Mondimore, 1995). Some may have mixed mood states. "In mixed mood states (also referred to as dysphoric mania) pronounced symptoms of both depression and mania either co-exist or alternate during different periods of the day." (Daly, p.1157, 1997). However, typical bipolar patients alternate mania and depression with euthymania (normal mood... Free Essays on Bipolar Disorder Anderson 1 What is mental illness? Mental illnesses are disorders of thought, mood and behavior that cause distress and reduce a person's ability to function psychologically, socially, occupationally and interpersonally. On mental illness that hits close to home due to a family member having it is bipolar disorder. Bipolar disorder is a disorder of moods. It is characterized by an alternating pattern of emotional highs (mania) and lows (depression). The intensity of the signs and symptoms varies. Bipolar disorder can range from a mild to a severe condition. For many, the manic signs and symptoms include feelings of euphoria, extreme optimism and inflated self-esteem, rapid speech and racing thoughts, agitation and increased physical activity, poor judgment and recklessness, difficulty sleeping and a tendency to be easily distracted along with extreme irritability. The symptoms and signs that come with the depression stage are almost the exact opposite. They include Persistent feelings of sadness, anxiety, guilt or hopelessness, disturbances in sleep and appetite, fatigue and loss of interest in your daily activities, difficulty in concentrating and recurring thoughts of suicide. Doctors and researchers don't know exactly what causes bipolar disorder. But a variety of biologic, genetic and environmental factors seem to be involved in causing and triggering episodes of the illness. Evidence indicates that differences in the chemical messengers between nerve cells in the brain (neurotransmitters) occur in people who have bipolar disorder. In many cases people with bipolar disorder may have a genetic disposition for the disorder. (National DMDA) Bipolar disorder tends to run in families. More than two-thirds of people with the illness have at least one close relative who has experienced either bipolar disorder or major depression. Researchers are attempting to Anderson 2 identify genes that may make people susceptible to bipolar ...

Free Essays on Isolation Of Caffeine

Isolation of caffeine Abstract: The objective of this experiment is to isolate caffeine from tea leaves or coffee and then purify using sublimation as well as determine the purity by melting point. It was concluded that 18.7mg of caffeine were found in a single Louisiana Tea sample. The purified caffeine sample was found to have a melting point of 505K compared to the textbook caffeine melting point of 509K. Backround: Sublimination is when a substance in the solid phase passes directly into the vapor phase without going into the liquid phase. This happens because the vapor pressure of a substance generally goes up as temperature increases and the boiling point of a liquid happens when its vapor pressure is equal to the applied pressure. If this vapor can then be re-solidified it will separate compounds with low vapor pressures and high vapor pressures. This re-solidification is usually collected in crystal form on the outside of a glass tube with some sort of very cold liquid inside to attract and solidify the compound with a higher vapor pressure in a vacuumed atmosphere. This method is generally quick however it is not as selective as other methods of purification. Objective and Materials: The objective of this experiment is to isolate caffeine from tea leaves or coffee and then purify using sublimation as well as determine the purity by melting point. Materials used are as follows: sublimination tube, test tubes, tea, coffee, methylene chloride, potassium carbonate, centrifuge tube, vacuum hose, Pasteur pipet, available water, 200mL beaker, hot plate, sand bath, micropipette bulb, all materials were provided by the University of Arizona Chemistry Department. Procedure: The procedure for this experiment is listed on page 43(Organic Chemistry laboratory Manual, Haden/McNeil, 2003-04) Data: All data is in laboratory notebook. Calculations: The following i... Free Essays on Isolation Of Caffeine Free Essays on Isolation Of Caffeine Isolation of caffeine Abstract: The objective of this experiment is to isolate caffeine from tea leaves or coffee and then purify using sublimation as well as determine the purity by melting point. It was concluded that 18.7mg of caffeine were found in a single Louisiana Tea sample. The purified caffeine sample was found to have a melting point of 505K compared to the textbook caffeine melting point of 509K. Backround: Sublimination is when a substance in the solid phase passes directly into the vapor phase without going into the liquid phase. This happens because the vapor pressure of a substance generally goes up as temperature increases and the boiling point of a liquid happens when its vapor pressure is equal to the applied pressure. If this vapor can then be re-solidified it will separate compounds with low vapor pressures and high vapor pressures. This re-solidification is usually collected in crystal form on the outside of a glass tube with some sort of very cold liquid inside to attract and solidify the compound with a higher vapor pressure in a vacuumed atmosphere. This method is generally quick however it is not as selective as other methods of purification. Objective and Materials: The objective of this experiment is to isolate caffeine from tea leaves or coffee and then purify using sublimation as well as determine the purity by melting point. Materials used are as follows: sublimination tube, test tubes, tea, coffee, methylene chloride, potassium carbonate, centrifuge tube, vacuum hose, Pasteur pipet, available water, 200mL beaker, hot plate, sand bath, micropipette bulb, all materials were provided by the University of Arizona Chemistry Department. Procedure: The procedure for this experiment is listed on page 43(Organic Chemistry laboratory Manual, Haden/McNeil, 2003-04) Data: All data is in laboratory notebook. Calculations: The following i...

Abacus Distribution plc Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Abacus Distribution plc - Research Paper Example With these acquisitions, it is believed that there would be a major thrust in the financial markets. This has also resulted in the consolidation of the product markets by Abacus and it is now positioned as the 5th largest distributor of electronic components in the industrial markets in Europe. (Annual Report and Accounts. 2006).The changes from GAAP to IFRS have brought about a major transformation in the treatment of Goodwill in accounting records. In the earlier accounting periods, goodwill was amortized through the profit and loss account, along with other intangible assets, but under IFRS, good will valuation is reviewed through a yearly goodwill impairment evaluation method. (Amortisation of Acquired Intangibles andCapital: On 30/9/2006, the Net Bank debt was to the tune of 61.4 Million due to the amounts of 12.1 million and also 1.8 million acquired from Deltron and Axees Technologies. A sum of 6.9 million was also paid towards purchase consideration for the acquisition of Axe es Tech. (Cash flow and working capital. 2006).These factors have increased the operating capital requirements for the Company. During earlier years, the Deltron business had reduced working capital to such an extent that the needs of the customers were not being met, with the integration of these companies into the Abacus fold, the situation would improve considerably in future years. Since Abacus enjoys invoice discounting facilities with the banks, there are reduced pressures for the minimizing the debtors levels. However, there is further need for exercising greater control over the working capital needs, and to bring it down to lower levels once the integration is totally carried out. The financial policy of the company has been to make sure that adequate financial resources are made available in a cost-effective manner. At Abacus, no speculative transactions are carried out and all foreign currency transactions are recorded at their projected levels. Dividends: Dividends: the dividends declared by the Company are as follows: 1. In the year 2002 - 9.7 Pence 2. In the year 2003 -10.2 Pence 3. In the year 2004 - 10.5 Pence 4. In the year 2005 - 7.2 Pence 5. In the year 2002 - 7.2 Pence (Annual Review and Accounts. 2006). The fall in the dividend rate is a major matter of concern for the shareholders. it is found that the dividend rate has remained unaltered in 2005 - 2006. The management feels that with increased operational performance, in future years the rate of dividend could be improved in future years. Question 2 Market Value Added The Market value added could be seen as the difference between the market value of Abacus stock - the equity capital of shareholders. In this case, the market capitalization value is 53. 32M on 13.11.2007. (Abacus Group PLC; Holding(s) in Companies.( 2007). The equity capital available to shareholders is 80.2M Therefore the MVA = 80.2-53.32 = 26.88 (In the absence of market cap. figures for 2005 and 2006 the figures could not be provided) Market Book Values During 2004, EPS stood at 5.4 p (Abacus Group) (Abacus Group plc. 2004). and the Book value of the share price=0.5p, therefore, the Market Book Value would be 5.4 X 0.5 =2.7 During 2005, the EPS stood at 14.1p (Financial review: earnings per share 2005). and the Book value of the share price=0.5p, therefore, the Market Book Value would be 14.1x 0.5 = 7.05 (Note: In the absence of Market Value of Abacus share as on 30.11.2004 & 2005, the calculation has been based on EPS valuation) Again the Market book value could be Market Price per share/ Book value per share In this case it is seen Market

Consumer Responsibility Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Consumer Responsibility - Essay Example Moreover, consumers are morally responsible for poor working conditions in factories. When consumers demand reduction in price, factories respond by cutting down operational and maintenance cost. This cost is very important for it allows factories provide the good working environment for their workers and dormitories as in the case of the suppliers firm in China, Wal-Mart. Moreover, consumers are morally responsible for poor working conditions in factories. When consumers demand reduction in price, factories respond by cutting down operational and maintenance cost. This cost is very important for it allows factories provide the good working environment for their workers and dormitories as in the case of the suppliers firm in China, Wal-Mart. Another harm the consumers are thought to bring his the employment of workers and employers of under-aged workers. When consumers press for low costs, in order to save more, supplier responds by developing strategies that will cut down on operati onal cost. One of these "strategies" is to lay off workers. Another option is to hire workers at a cheaper cost and this can only happen if the company employs customers close to the legal age but the true fact is that these workers have not attained the legal age to work.  In the Rama Plaza tragedy, consumer contributed a great percentage. Though society blamed the government, builders, and the factory owners for poorly maintaining the plaza, consumer demand for clothes at low prices, was a major contributing factor.